Practicing anthropology refers to the application of anthropological knowledge, theories, methods, and skills to solve practical problems in various fields, such as healthcare, education, development, business, and governance.
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Unlike academic anthropology, which is primarily focused on research and theory, practicing anthropology emphasizes real-world applications and direct engagement with communities and institutions.
Growth of Practicing Anthropology During the World Wars
1st World War (1914–1918)
The First World War marked the beginning of the institutionalization of anthropology in practical domains. Governments and military organizations recognized the importance of understanding cultural differences, local customs, and social structures in colonies and occupied territories. Key developments during this period included:
- Colonial Administration: Anthropologists provided insights into governance in colonial territories, helping administrators understand local traditions and authority structures.
- Military Intelligence: Anthropologists assisted in understanding the cultural practices of both allies and adversaries to aid strategic decision-making.
- Documentation of Cultures: Many anthropologists were engaged in documenting endangered cultures affected by the war.
2nd World War (1939–1945)
During the Second World War, practicing anthropology gained significant momentum as anthropologists were actively recruited for various roles. Key contributions included:
- Wartime Propaganda and Cultural Analysis: Anthropologists analyzed enemy cultures to create effective propaganda and devise strategies for psychological warfare.
- Policy Advising: Anthropologists advised governments on policies regarding occupied territories and interactions with allied nations.
- Applied Research: Research focused on understanding the effects of war on populations, including displacement, cultural disruptions, and social changes.
- Human Terrain Systems: Anthropologists worked with military units to understand local populations in war zones, aiming to minimize conflicts and improve interactions.
Legacy of Practicing Anthropology in War Periods
The involvement of anthropologists during the World Wars demonstrated the practical value of anthropology, leading to its broader application in non-military areas post-war. This era laid the foundation for modern applied anthropology, influencing fields such as international development, public health, and conflict resolution.